Having a permanent establishment in Canada can result in federal and provincial/territorial taxes on net profits attributed to Canada. However, an additional 25% tax will also be charged on net profits. This tax is often referred to as a ‘branch’ tax as the company is considered to have a Canadian operations branch in order for the tax to be applicable. There is an exemption for the first $500,000 of profits (cumulative over the lifetime of the business). Thus, no 25% tax will be due unless the profits exceed $500,000. In addition, the profits must remain in Canada in order to be exempt from this tax. If profits are removed by a dividend, then the relevant tax rates will apply. Taxes paid can be used as a tax credit in the non-resident’s country of origin tax return. However, if taxes owed in the country of origin are less than the taxes paid in Canada, there is no refund of the excess taxes paid. It would just be considered the cost of doing business in Canada.